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CANCER & TREATMENTS SUPPORT & SURVIVORSHIP PREVENTION & RISK ASSESSMENT CLINICAL TRIALS & RESEARCH LIVING WITH CANCER | |
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Home > Cancer and Treatments > Prostate Cancer > Prostate Cancer Information > Prostate Cancer Education Staging and PathologyStaging SystemsStaging systems are used to describe how much cancer a patient has. The most widely used and universally accepted staging system for prostate cancer is the TNM system. The previously used Whitmore system is used less frequently.In the TNM system, T1 and T2 tumors are confined to the prostate itself, whereas T3 and T4 tumors have extended beyond the prostate. Staging of Prostate Cancer, TNM System
Localized Disease:
T1a Tumor incidental histologic finding in less than or equal to 5% of resected tissue; not palpable; well differentiated. T1b Tumor incidental histologic finding in greater than 5% of resected tissue; moderately to poorly differentiated. T1c Tumor identified by needle biopsy. T2a Tumor involves one lobe. T2b Tumor involves both lobes.
Staging of Prostate Cancer, Modified Whitmore system
Localized Disease:
A1 less than or equal to 5% of transurethral resection chips with cancer, no grade 4.5 chips. A2 greater than 5% transurethral resection chips with cancer, any grade 4.5 chips. B0 PSA greater than 4.0 ng/mL (normal digital rectal examination). B1 One lobe, less than or equal to 2 cm nodule. B2 Both lobes or any nodule greater than 2cm.
Staging of Prostate Cancer, TNM System
Local Extension
T3a Extracapsular extension (unilateral or bilateral). T3b Tumor invades seminal vesicle (s). T4 Bladder invasion, fixed to pelvic side wall, or invasion of adjacent structures.
Staging of Prostate Cancer, Modified Whitmore system
Local Extension
C1 Penetration of capsule. C2 Margin positive. C3 Seminal vesical involvement.
Staging of Prostate Cancer, TNM System
Metastatic Disease
N1 Positive regional lymph nodes. M1 Distant metastasis.
Staging of Prostate Cancer, Modified Whitmore system
Metastatic Disease
D0 Organ confined, elevated prostatic acid phospatase. D1 Positive lymph nodes all below aortic bifurcation. D2 Positive lymph nodes above aortic bifurcation; bony metastasis. D3 Progression on hormonal theapy.
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